Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE)

The Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE) was China's last imperial dynasty, characterized by significant territorial expansion and the integration of diverse ethnic groups under its Manchu rulers. Its domain encompassed a vast territory, including Tibet and Xinjiang, which were incorporated into the empire. However, the 19th century brought severe challenges, most notably the Opium Wars (1839–1842 and 1856–1860). These conflicts resulted in the forced opening of Chinese markets to foreign powers and the cession of Hong Kong to the British in 1842. The dynasty also grappled with immense internal strife, such as the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864), a devastating civil war that is estimated to have caused 20 to 30 million fatalities.